This text is a synthesis report from a comparative study in Botswana, Ghana, Kenya, Mozambique and South Africa on the effective use of parliamentary oversight in respect of the national responses to HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study is, in part, to respond directly to concerns from African parliamentarians about what various parliaments across Africa are doing about HIV/AIDS. It provides lessons learned and detailed analysis on the impact of parliamentary oversight of HIV/AIDS in a number of countries in Africa.